The Impacts Of Ski Resorts On The Surrounding Environment Essay

The Impacts Of Ski Resorts On The Surrounding Environment - Essay Example This examination will start with the explanation that the ascent in the travel industry, and the resultant natural and biological irregularities emerging out of the equivalent, has prompted an expanded concern in regards to the supportability of the vacationer goals, just as the general condition. Governments, over the globe, are currently progressively and effectively partaking in endeavors coordinated towards advancing eco-the travel industry, so as to guarantee greatest assurance to the visitor goals and to diminish the unfriendly ecological effects emerging out of expanded human exercises. There is currently an expanded accentuation on creating and actualizing feasible practices in ski-resorts especially attributable to the expansion in ski the travel industry throughout the years. This is on the grounds that Ski resorts which are essentially evolved in sloping districts where the effect of human exercises is undeniably increasingly antagonistic when contrasted with other the tra vel industry goals situated at lower heights. With the end goal of this examination, two subjective exploration strategies will be utilized, in particular Literature survey and Case study. The writing audit will help in establishing an essential framework for the investigation, with a total and thorough portrayal of the prototypical supportability gauges that have been and can be attempted at different levels to guarantee the assurance of untamed life living space in and around ski-resorts. The legitimacy of the cases mentioned and objective facts as found in the writing audit would then be able to be tried by method of contextual investigations and contrasting the equivalent and other accessible data on ski resorts. Expected Ecological Impacts over the environmental factors: The expansion in human action in bumpy locales, have added to the ascent in a dangerous atmospheric devation, principally inferable from the unfriendly natural effects brought about by the turn of events and de velopment of ski resorts. The steady surge of voyagers, and the over the utilization of common assets at well known ski resorts, negatively affect the general condition, upsetting the normal territory all the while. Moreover, the expanding ubiquity of ski resorts pulls in travelers in crowds, consequently prompting an expanded weight on the regular assets by method of expanded interest and utilization of water, vitality, and other common assets, in this way further raising profound concerns with respect to its manageability over the long haul. Ski resorts, depend vigorously on vitality to lift and siphon water to high heights, give drinking water, work substantial apparatus, and fuel vehicles utilized for transportation. Besides, there are concerns with respect to soil debasement brought about by development and consistent human exercises in ski resorts; prompting loss of vegetation, soil disintegration and may prompt expanded odds of floods. Widely varied vegetation are profoundly influenced because of exercises, for example, the development of ski inclines. The general condition and the common living space of fauna are upset because of expanded sound levels and clamor contamination brought about by vacationers. Natural Impacts on the winged creatures' living space Almost a wide range of parts of the travel industry have an immediate or circuitous effect on the untamed life in the encompassing zones.

Meaning of the Color Red

Schizophrenia      WHAT IS SCHIZOPHRENIA? What does the term schizophrenia mean? In its most rudimentary sense, we may state that schizophrenia is an infection, imagined by Eugene Bleeder. Eugene Bleeder was one of the most persuasive specialists of his time. He is most popular today for his presentation of the term schizophrenia, recently known as dementia praecox. In reality, schizophrenia is regularly utilized conventionally and improperly as it is frequently applied to nearly any sort of uncommon conduct of which the speaker objects. Schizophrenia is universally saw as the "classic case of madness" . It is a alarming and once in a while terrifying encounter to out of the blue go over a individual who announces himself Jesus Christ, blusters garbage, or sits with his body unmoving as though solidified in time and spot. For certain individuals, such an experience is excessively stunning, excessively fearsome, excessively appalling. They rush away, attempting to excuse the picture of the unsettled individual from their brains. No different ailment is as incapacitating and confounding as schizophrenia. Today, disregarding the medications that have permitted numerous schizophrenics to live at home or in the network, a critical number of individuals admitted to mental clinics are survivors of the malady. As indicated by the Encyclopedia Of Health, schizophrenics represent about 40% of admissions to state mental clinics, 30% of mental admissions to Veterans Administration emergency clinics, and about 20% of admissions to private mental emergency clinics. Schizophrenia is hopeless. Its motivation or causes are yet obscure, and it is difficult to foresee what course the illness will take. There are numerous hypotheses about the reasons for schizophrenia, its movement, and its possible result. They are as of now being investigated by specialists around the globe.      Schizophrenia's most emotional side effects are extreme and never-ending daydreams and mental trips. A fancy is a deception or thought that rationale also, reason demonstrate to be "crazy". A fantasy is seeing, hearing , or detecting something that isn't there. The two manifestations happen in other psychological maladjustments, however the substance of the schizophrenic daydreams is regularly unmistakable enough that the experienced therapist or clinical clinician can promptly distinguish the clutter. Another regular quality of this impairing infection is the incoherent discussion of its casualties. Their talk frequently comprises of a arrangement of ambiguous explanations hung together in a mixed up way. Audience members are left perplexed by what they have heard and this can be credited to the lopsidedness of the schizophrenic's talking designs. To some degree, schizophrenics show a specific lack of interest or indifference in regards to what is occurring around them. Their entire passionate viewpoint is stifled, and they appear almost no glow toward others.

Issues Facing Gender in the Workplace Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Issues Facing Gender in the Workplace - Essay Example Lets take a case of Canada where men involve places that are administrative or regulatory, full-time, high in pay and status, and that are regularly in the vehicle, interchanges and assembling divisions while ladies are overwhelmingly moved in non-standard work, generally administrative and administration work in low maintenance or transitory places that are portrayed by low aptitude prerequisites, low compensation, and barely any advantages. Indeed, even in proficient positions, ladies keep on being lopsidedly spoken to in ladylike nursing, instructing, and sociology callings. (Golden Gazso, 2004) Sexual orientation issues in vocation advancement have experienced a flat out data blast. It is commonly seen that profession desire in ladies is lower than vocation yearning among men. Men will in general be more spurred and have a widen see than ladies on work. In any case, it is astonishing to see that ladies' yearnings have generously expanded in the course of recent decades. Regardless of what the explanation for ladies' yearnings is, a few ecological components have been embroiled, including social and ethnical foundation. Numerous specialists have watched, for instance, that the general custom of sex job perspectives and word related plans may confine the degree of ladies' professional and instructive desires. The facts confirm that ladies may encounter various boundaries in planning for profession choices, similar to home-vocation strife. Ladies have all the earmarks of being setting expanded significance on objectives in the work space. This change has not brought down the significance ladies provide for the home and family area, nor lessened the normal clashes among jobs. As may be normal, this move has given ladies extra difficulties in their vocation arranging. As is valid with numerous different phases of ladies' profession improvement, passage into the work power is by all accounts more mind boggling for ladies than for men, given sexual orientation segregation and generalizing, and the requests of various jobs. One part of vocation advancement more ordinary to ladies than men is job leaving and reemergence. As opposed to going legitimately from school to work, numerous ladies initially take part in full-time family jobs, coming back to class or work later

Intro to Fashion essays

Introduction to Fashion papers The scene on the Paris runway has been changed by flower prints with light and vaporous dresses. Milans Spring Summer showings focus more on detail than on shape and offered brilliant styles. Pariss runway show for the Spring and Summer of 2005 incorporated the significant originators beginning with John Gallianos blend of governmental issues and style. Christian Dior concentrated on womanliness, hues and fun. Sex image fashioners, for example, Ddont instruct me mentality by consolidating Flamenco styles with Bohemian pizazz as his models strolled the runway smoking slender stogies. Gautier and Prada are the originators that established a connection with me since they utilized interesting strategies for speaking to their sections. Nonetheless, Galliano presented an increasingly political position by his Janis Joplin motivated cotton tops and John Lennons Imagine playing out of sight. Gallianos political design introduction was not to my taste since governmental issues and style have no connection. Versace and D ... <!

Alignment of HRM with Business Strategies Term Paper

Arrangement of HRM with Business Strategies - Term Paper Example This quality must be created when human asset chief is given a functioning job in the development and improvement of an association. Worldwide organizations are considered as a pioneer in building up the most recent HR framework which can profit the association. Marriot is one of the notable eatery networks working in the USA. They have created there human asset the executives frameworks so that workers are considered as one of the significant resources of the association. The commitment of human asset the executives is a significant factor to accomplish the ideal outcomes for the association like Marriot. Aruba Marriot accepts that workers ought to be very much aware of the job which the individual needs to play to the general profitability of the association. HR must be considered as a colleague when the workers think about the vital heading which has been set by the HR experts and top administration altogether. Aruba Marriot conveys its key bearings by giving signs inside the expe cted set of responsibilities and employment details. HR experts at Aruba accept that potential bosses can possibly contribute decidedly when he has clear course about where the organization is going in the following five to ten years (Rosenbloom, 2007). The nature of the human asset the executives capacity can likewise be dissected by taking a gander at the degree of positions which are frequently accessible inside the association. For instance, if an association continues making new opening for its new divisions and capacities then it tends to be induced that the association is developing and the human asset office is pulling in new ability towards their association. In any case, if an association continues presenting same opening after each five to a half year then it tends to be induced that association can't hold skilled representatives or there is some issue with the way of life winning inside the association. To the extent the instance of Aruba Marriot is concerned, the associ ation is developing and they are offering differing positions inside the association with the goal that they can meet the human asset prerequisite. Some key positions which are frequently offered at Aruba Marriot incorporate front work area official, get-away organizer, entryway individual, get-away arranging facilitator and so forth. The association is related with neighborliness administrations business; in this manner the positions accessible regularly require outgoing person people to manage the clients amenably. Aruba Marriot is an organization of good notoriety, hence, the individuals working at this association ought to be very much aware of the principles which could be normal from them. The association has related itself with notable wellbeing and security standard association which guarantees the quality administrations gave by Aruba Marriot. HR manuals of an association likewise show the degree of competency and fundamental aptitudes required by the association for the su ccessful execution of errand, obligations and duties (Ghemawat, 2003). There are many fascinating employment positions offered by Aruba Marriot. Most definitely I accept that the activity of front work area official suits the character attributes at which I am acceptable. Extroversion is practically basic in the accommodation administrations, hence, I have the correct sort of ability to exceed expectations in the field of neighborliness when all is said in done while the activity of front work area official specifically. This activity additionally requires open connection abilities, accordingly, the contacts which I have created during my training can likewise help in pulling in potential customers for Aruba Marriot.â â

How Do Rituals Play a Role With Addictions

How Do Rituals Play a Role With Addictions Addiction Addictive Behaviors Sex Print How Rituals Play a Role With Addictions Rituals Are One Stage of the Addiction Process By Elizabeth Hartney, BSc., MSc., MA, PhD Elizabeth Hartney, BSc, MSc, MA, PhD is a psychologist, professor, and Director of the Centre for Health Leadership and Research at Royal Roads University, Canada. Learn about our editorial policy Elizabeth Hartney, BSc., MSc., MA, PhD Updated on April 29, 2019 Tara Moore/Taxi/Getty Images More in Addiction Addictive Behaviors Sex Caffeine Internet Shopping Alcohol Use Drug Use Nicotine Use Coping and Recovery Most healthcare professionals believe that addictions do not occur instantly but over the course of several stages.  If you suspect someone has an addiction, confronting them can be a very precarious, difficult time. You want to be mindful of his or her feelings and keep yourself from making false or hurtful accusations. But if you understand the stages and tell-tale signs of addiction, you can have a better idea of when you need to step in and how to do it in a supportive way that gets positive results. Stages of Addiction Addiction can have varying levels of severity and difficulty. Some at risk of developing an addiction, or even someone who is already addicted, may be able to conquer the addiction before hitting rock bottom. Getting treatment at the earlier stages can increase the chances of successfully recovering.   The most commonly recognized stages are: ExperimentationUse of RitualsRisky UseDependenceFull Addiction Rituals and Addiction Stage 2, where there is regular use of rituals, may be one of the easiest times to recognize symptoms of addiction and intervene. It is also the last point before the behaviors can become risky or dangerous.   The ritual stage is defined by regular use of an addictive behavior or substance and a specific routine that goes along with it. This is a time when the person is no longer just experimenting; the behaviors have become a major part of their daily life. Their day-to-day schedule revolves around their addiction. For instance, someone with a sex addiction may come home from work, shower and then go into a chat room or forum to locate potential partners. He may meet a new person every day at a specific time at a specific location. For some, the actions of the ritual are as important as the substance itself. It can fulfill certain urges and the time of day, technique and location can carry significant meaning to the user. Some of the behaviors of rituals actually feed into the addiction; a user may deliberately work themselves into a state of agitation by having a ritual that is easily interrupted, therefore giving them a reason or justification to use the substance more.   This becomes a subconscious routine. The person will continuously seek out and engage in the same behaviors, in the same order, every day. Eventually, lifestyle habits are created that revolve around addictive behaviors Everyone experiences the stages of addiction differently. Some people may be in the ritual stage for just a few weeks; others may go through rituals for months. However, this is only a stage that will eventually evolve into the next part, engaging in risky behaviors. Getting help during the ritual stage is essential to prevent potential dangers and risks, such as injury, financial ruin or contracting an illness.   Get Help If you are concerned a loved one is going through the stages of addiction or is practicing rituals for substance abuse or other addictions, find a therapist specializing in treating these sorts of behaviors. They can help you recognize warning signs and help you decide on next steps, such as discussing the addiction issues directly with your loved one and treatment options.   The 9 Best Online Therapy Programs

Early Thoughts on MIT Sloans 2016-2017 Application Essay Questions

Application season at MIT Sloan is officially underway with the release of the school’s 2016-2017 essay questions. Let’s discuss from a high level some early thoughts on how best to approach these new essay prompts. This year, Sloan has made some changes that echo prompts used in the past. Let’s explore how to best approach your responses: Cover Letter: Please submit a cover letter seeking a place in the MIT Sloan MBA Program. Your letter should conform to a standard business correspondence and be addressed to Mr. Rod Garcia, Senior Director of Admissions. (250 words) This year, Sloan brings back its â€Å"Cover Letter† essay, which it retired a few years back. Sloan was one of the schools that ushered in this recent trend of non-traditional essay prompts. Your response here is limited to only 250 words so it is important to be even more concise as you address the prompt. Given the word count, it may make sense to leverage a story-like narrative to touch on a few relevant personal accomplishments that distill your goals, passion, values and interests.  The key here is to orient your response around Sloan’s core values that have always been heavily influenced by the ability to problem solve and drive impact. So  with these factors in mind,  really think about what you can uniquely bring to the student community at Sloan. Do not limit your impact just to the Sloan community MIT alumni have impacted the world in many different forms so think about how the school can be the impetus for you to do the same. This is where research comes in handy, so do your due diligence. Keep in mind, with the tight word limit you don’t want to stray far away from the prompt, so stay focused on the type of support you choose to include in your response. Similar essay prompts in the past have asked applicants to â€Å"describe accomplishments† and/or â€Å"address extenuating circumstances,† so keep these elements in mind as well as you structure your response. Optional Essay: The Admissions Committee invites you to share additional information about yourself, in any format. If you choose a multimedia format, please host the information on a website and provide us with the URL. (500 words or 2:00 minutes) Not all optional essays should be considered optional, and in this case I suggest candidates utilize this essay accordingly. This essay is a really an opportunity for Sloan to get to know you, and with so few other touchpoints in the application process, you should make the most of this space. Sloan gives candidates a pretty good runway on this one with a lengthy word and multimedia count (as far as â€Å"optional† essays go), but you will still want to keep things focused. Use as much of the real estate as you need for your answer and none more.  You should really  use this space to get personal;  it is a great opportunity to differentiate yourself so make sure it is not something you have previously covered elsewhere in your essays. Just a few thoughts on the essays from Sloan hopefully this will help you get started.  For more thoughts on MIT  and its application essays, check out our free  Essential Guide to Top Business Schools. Applying to MIT Sloan  or other business schools? Call us at 1-800-925-7737 and speak with an MBA admissions expert today, or take our free MBA Admissions Profile Evaluation  for personalized advice for your unique application situation! As always, be sure to find us on  Facebook,  YouTube,  Google+  and Twitter. Dozie A.  is a Veritas Prep Head Consultant for the Kellogg School of Management at Northwestern University. His specialties include consulting, marketing, and low GPA/GMAT applicants. You can read more articles by him  here.

A History Of The Louisiana Purchase - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 589 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2019/10/31 Category History Essay Level High school Tags: The Louisiana Purchase Essay Did you like this example? Imagine hundreds of miles of empty land, ready to be put to use, with thousands of people racing to claim it. That was what the louisiana purchase was like in 1803. The louisiana purchase was a crucial time in history. Some important parts of the louisiana purchase are, the land, the problems they faced, and the important people. The Land The louisiana purchase land was eight hundred twenty-seven thousand sq miles of land or fifteen states. It had completely doubled the size of the U.S. and was so important! It happened in 1803, and costed fifteen million U.S. dollars, which is equivalent to 1.2 trillion dollars in todays money. It was a major part in making the united states what it is today. Also, the united states got control of the port of new orleans and the mississippi river, which were both used by farmers to ship crops. One bad thing about the louisiana purchase is that the united states invaded numerus indian tribes. The indians must have been furious, because united states invaded their land without permission and they later had to leave for no reason.  Ã‚   Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "A History Of The Louisiana Purchase" essay for you Create order The Problems They Faced   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Although the louisiana purchase seemed to be a flawless plan their was a few problems. The purchase made goods go down the mississippi river into the sea. This costed people lots of money. In addition, the louisiana purchase almost didnt happen at all! Thomas Jefferson was worried about how the Constitution did not allow the executive branch to attain land through treaty. This was the biggest problem to Jefferson, as he was a strict constitutionalist. Also, Thomas Jefferson bought the land not knowing how much was in it. They had not researched deep enough to find the borders of the land . So they could not know if they actually got what they wanted. Then they were told that the borders were to the mississippi river. But they did not know where the river was so they still did not know. The Important People   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There were a lot of people who helped out during the louisiana purchase, including Thomas Jefferson, author of the Declaration of Independence and third U.S. president. Jefferson had dreamed of expanding the united states, and turned out, he got to. Two other people were, Meriwether Lewis and William Clark. After the louisiana purchase was complete Thomas Jefferson asked them to take a journey around the louisiana purchase land and map it out, and they did. Lewis and Clark were polite on their journey and traded with the indians in need. This was one case of politeness on their journey A woman brought her child with an abscess in the lower part of the back, and offered as much corn as she could carry for some medicine we administered to it of course very cheerfully this was a journal entry written by meriwether Lewis. Also, according to Author Anita Yasuda, the Senate made the law to let Thomas Jefferson buy Louisiana, it wasnt on the Constitution to let a president buy land but they made it happen that Thomas Jefferson could buy Louisiana. Napoleon, ruler of France, Sold Louisiana to America, they had Louisiana before America did, France only had Louisiana for two years before Thomas Jefferson purchased it.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In conclusion, the louisiana purchase was very important, and it took a lot of help to make it happen. I think its safe to say how astonishing the louisiana purchase was. What do you think about the louisiana purchase and how it affected the United States now.

Bo Burnham and Self-Deprecation in Comedy Essay example

Bo Burnham and Self-Deprecation in Comedy Self-Deprecation is arguably one of the most popular comedic styles these days. People enjoy putting themselves down, making themselves the butt of the jokes, because it’s easier to make yourself a joke before someone else does. Sigmund Freud talked about self-deprecation, along with other comedic devices, as a way to make one feel superior to others, and I think that even now that definitely a thing. The list of comedians who use self-deprecating humor goes on and on, but my personal favorite would be Bo Burnham, who has centered his entire career on making fun of himself, while also critiquing society as a whole. His latest show â€Å"what.† is a shining example of that, since with almost each and†¦show more content†¦The whole bit takes self-deprecation to a whole psychological and mental level that I’ve never seen any other comedian do before. It’s incredibly theatrical in nature, and just one of those times in the show where he’s basically calling himself a wreck for laughs, though in a much more crude fashion. Freud talks about how laughter garners a sense of superiority in people, and that fits in perfectly with Burnham, because he actually has a bit in his show where he talks about how he goes about making himself seem better than others. He does this by saying random phrases, such as â€Å"Check out this Amish website,† and â€Å"I work at a toll booth and I don’t want to kill myself.† He says that phrases like these are things that people wouldn’t normally say, and by saying them, he’s making himself superior to others in a way. It seems like a legitimate bit because he’s very confident in his delivery, because his stage persona is already incredibly overconfident, arrogant, and obviously already feels a sense of superiority. At the end of Burnham’s show, he has another miming bit, where three separate people are talki ng to him (all recorded voices that he did), one of a girl who went to high school with him and wants to use his fame to try and impress friends, one who is an agent who wants to exploit him and basically make him sell out, and another who is a guy that only knows of Burnham and insists that he’s changed. They tell him that he sucks and they

Essay on 1776 Book Review 1 - 1153 Words

History 1301 April 1st 2012 McCullough, David. 1776. New York: Simon and Schuster, 2005, 386 pp. Word Count- 1157 David McCullough’s novel 1776 is a compelling story of America’s war for independence. We have all read chapters and heard the related history of the war of 1776, but David McCullough takes the epic story even further. The book covers the entire year of 1776 from the beginning of the war until the end. The author provides an extremely detailed description of both sides of the conflict both American and British. David McCullough is a renowned author and historian and has twice won the Pulitzer Prize for two of his novels; John Adams and Truman, and with reading 1776 you can see exactly why he is so celebrated. His†¦show more content†¦The King was content on defeating the American rebellion and because of his loyalty to Britain and the crown; there was no one that would change his mind. Several people stood up for America and warned of the consequences if Britain actually lost. The introduction of George Washington and the explanation of how much of an unorganized, unruly bunch of soldiers he was stuck with in the Continental Army was definitely one of the most interesting parts of the book. I realized in reading this, how little I actually knew about Washington. The author describes him in such a way that gives you the understanding of why people were drawn to follow him. Nathaniel Green and Henry Knox were just as important as Washington throughout the war, Knox especially in the in the success of removing the British from Boston. His heroic effort of bring cannons and munitions form Fort Ticonderoga to Boston was a tremendous achievement. It’s hard to imagine the difficulty in successfully being able to achieve something like that. Both Knox and Greene were almost entirely self educated. Knox owned a book store and was married to a woman named Lucy Flucker whose father was royal secretary of the province and even arranged for Knox to be commi ssioned in the British army, but he declined, which to me, showed how incredibly loyal he was to his country .Show MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Book Private Yankee Doodle 1006 Words   |  5 Pages6. Reviews: The book was first published by Martin in 1830 with the title A Narrative of Some of the Adventures, Dangers and Sufferings of a Revolutionary Soldier, Interspersed with Anecdotes of Incidents That Occurred Within His Own Observation. In 1962, it was republished under the title Private Yankee Doodle, Being a Narrative of some of the Adventures, Dangers and Sufferings of a Revolutionary Soldier. In 2001 it was republished again under the title A Narrative of a Revolutionary Soldier.Read MoreThe Political Structures And Processes843 Words   |  4 PagesJames Madison, James Monroe, Patrick Henry, George Mason, and John Marshall, to name only the most prominent. Professor Sydnor describes three steps along the pathway to power in colonial and revolutionary Virginia that brought these men to the top: 1. Justice of the Peace: The first public office held by almost all of these men was Justice of the Peace in their home county. This office was quite different from anything in the current age. Each county had from 10 to 30 Justices, who collectively formedRead MoreThe Declaration Of Independence1330 Words   |  6 PagesNatural rights is a political theory that strongly asserts that each individual who enters into any society possesses certain rights that no government can deny. 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Lifestyle of the members independent of the whites, 2. How they interact with the European whites, and 3. How they lose their land. Within the few pages of the novel, Jackson introduces the Luiseà ±o tribe. Jackson highlights the lifestyle of the group to be lazy, as well as, being Christian, ignorant, and having a farming/herding system for food. She breaks down the lifestyle through three diff erent Luiseà ±o tribe members in the book. 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Compare and contrast Hofstedes cultural dimensions of...

Mismanaging cultural differences can render otherwise successful managers and organisations ineffective when working across cultures. As stated byOsland (1990, p. 4) ``The single greatest barrier to business success is the one erected by culture. Hofstede (1983) defines culture as the mental programming of the mind which distinguishes the members of one human group from another (Hofstede 1983 p. 25). Through the comparison of Chinese culture and Australian culture using Hofstedes five cross-cultural dimensions: power distance, uncertainty avoidance, masculinity, individualism, and long-term orientation an insightful view into the differences and similarities of the cultures can be obtained (Chong Park 2003). Human Resource Management†¦show more content†¦Performance appraisals generally involve two-way communications which is not embraced by Chinese culture as the large power distance found in China indicated that to challenge authority of superiors is not considered approp riate for subordinates (Huo 1995). Therefore when conducting a performance appraisal in China it is expected that the evaluated will be more subjective. A straight forward form of appraisal would be better received and employee participation should not be forced. Of significant interest is Australias high individualism ranking of 90 (ITIM International 2003) . High Individualism implies a society believes that people should largely remain independent from groups, and that people should have a self-concept of being an independent individual rather than a dependent member of a group(Harrison 1995). In comparison China ranked extremely low with a score of 20 in the individualism ranking (ITIM International 2003). This is as a result of the society fosters strong relationships where everyone takes responsibility for fellow members of their group with an emphasis on a Collectivist society as a result of the Communist rule (Hofstede 1980). As a result of the different stance of each culture on individualism human resource activities such as compensations and benefits will need to be approached in a different way. In Australian rewards are geared towards pay for performance which motivates the individual to stand outShow MoreRelatedCultural Framewor ks Of Culture Differences1648 Words   |  7 Pagesanother’. Therefore, it implies that people from different cultural backgrounds could have distinct behaviours and reactions even in the same situation. Thus, understanding the culture differences may be critical for conducting effective and efficient communications in multinational business management. Investigating into the potential influences of culture differences, this essay will discuss Hofstede’s cultural frameworks, with contrasts and comparisons with other frameworks; analysing the scoresRead MoreA Research Carried Out By Geert Hofstede And His Colleagues, Identifying Study Procedures And Overall Outcomes1758 Words   |  8 Pageswill also examine each of the seven dimensions individually and clearly detect primary comparisons and contrasts of this model. Key implications of each dimension will also be studied in relation to management of Multinational enterprises, introducing appropriate examples throughou t. Geert Hofstede defines national culture as ‘the collective programming of the mind distinguishing the members of one group or category of people from others’ (Hofstede, 2012). 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Social Norms of Income Distribution Free Essays

During the period between 1929 and 1953, the United States occupational pay ratios and earning inequality is declined, mainly across World War II (Ober 1948, Phelps Brown 1977, Williamson and Lindert 1980, Goldin and Margo 1922b). The evidence showed that the condition of income inequality was occurrence in that period. Moreover, the problem of income inequality is declined. We will write a custom essay sample on Social Norms of Income Distribution or any similar topic only for you Order Now But, the problem of income inequality is existed. The government cannot spread the income distibution evenly. Many reasons obstructed the income distribution evenly. In my discussion, I concentrate to explain five reasons to influence the income distribution in the United States in the 20th century. Changing in social norms is related to the income distributions. Many people think that women represented a cheaper alternative for employers. Their jobs were viewed as temporary to be abandoned in favor of marriage and a home. High turnover combined with a large pool of replacements in any occupation will tend to depress wages, but it also means there is no incentive to provide career opportunities or invest much effort to train persons for more responsibility. Consequently, women tended to fill the more specialized and lower-paying work, while men moved into the new office manager roles. The fact is that clerical, service, and sales work does not yield significant financial returns to people with more formal education or longer work experience (Bibb Form, 1977). In large part, this is because most of these are low ceiling careers, lacking in meaningful promotion opportunities for higher paying positions. The jobs have been filled advantageous position by one sex or the other. The point is strongly influencing the income distributions. The point of the unionization is related to the income distributions. Unions have improved wages and benefits, increased job security, and protected workers from discriminatory managerial decisions. Male workers are more likely to be members of trade unions, thus enjoying the advantages of collective bargaining for wages and earning more than women (Flaherty Caniglia, 1992). Overall, women are about half as likely to be union members as men. Rinehart wrote,  ¡Ã‚ § This accommodation to capitalist power was formalized in what is known as the post  ¡V World War II compromise forged in the midst of the intense class struggles of the 1940s. This settlement between labor, big capital, and the state featured the establishment of a new industrial relations system and stipulated a set of trade  ¡V off. Unions were legally recognized and accorded organizational security. ¡ (P.184) Changing in the education level of the population is related to the income distribution. In the U.S, the financial return to a university or college degree also declined during the 1970s. One explanation of this phenomenon was the substantial increase the proportion of the population going to university, particularly the entry into the labor force of the  ¡Ã‚ § Baby-Boom ¡ generation during the 1970s (Welch 1979). Freeman (1976, 1980) argued that the demand for educated workers also declined, so that not all of the change in relative earnings could be attributed to temporary developments on the supply side. Dooley (1986) concluded that the entry of the large baby ¡Vboom cohort during this period did lower earnings growth for this group, but that this demographic effect could not account for the observed harrowing of earnings differentials by level of education. Dooley ¡s results thus suggest that demand  ¡V side forces may also have played a role. Changing in the age structure of the population is related to the income distribution. The shapes of the earning streams reflect the main key factors which is earnings increase with age but at a decreasing rate. This concave shape reflects the fact that individuals generally continue to make human capital investments in the form of on-the-job training and work experience once they have entered the labor force. This job experience adds more to their productivity and earning s early in their careers due to diminishing returns to experience. However, to the extent that education increases productivity, individuals with the same amount of work experience but more education will earn more, perhaps substantially more. Migration is related to the income distribution. Economic theory predicts that the forces of competition would serve to reduce pure regional wage differentials so that they reflect compensating differences, short-run adjustments, or noncompetitive factors. Those forces of competition were the movement of capital from high- to low-wage areas, and the movement of labor from low- to high-wage areas. Empirical evidence tends to verify the implications of migration as a human capital decision. In a recent study, Osberg, Gordon, and Lin (1994) explore the determinants of interregional and interindustry mobility of individuals in the Maritimes. Using the 1986-87 LMAS, they find that younger individuals and those with higher expected wage gains are more likely to migrate. As well, the process of migration tends to reduce the regional disparities that induce the migration decision. In conclusion, the five reasons are influence the income distribution in the United States in the 20th century. The social norms show that the income inequality is happened between men and women. The unionization shows that the unions have a power to improve the wages and benefits for their members. In this situation, the income inequality is happened between union ¡s members and non-unions members. Although the demand for education workers was declined, education people still earn more than the uneducated people do because they have an expertise knowledge and experience. Migration is benefits for the young individuals. They can have a chance to prove themselves. Therefore, the movement of migration decreases the regional disparities. How to cite Social Norms of Income Distribution, Papers

Personal Branding and Social Media for Marketing - MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about thePersonal Branding and Social Media for Marketing. Answer: Description of the Role Marketing and Business Development Specialist I would like to pursue a career as a marketing executive towards this, the role of marketing and business development specialist at Aurora Labs is highly attractive to me. The job entails supporting the director of marketing of business development to perform marketing and product development roles. The role will involve utilization of mechanical knowledge and training to sell the company (Seek.com, 2017). The job holder will require strong networking and relationship building and management skills, as they will be in charge of clients accounts. The candidate is also required to have the ability to grasp technical issues associated with 3D printing, so that they can understand potential client needs, and provide solutions which will be mutually beneficial. The candidate should possess a bachelors degree in marketing form a reputable institution. Specialized qualifications are an added advantage. Experience in sales and marketing, adobe Photoshop and photography/ video editing will also be considered. Due to the exigencies of the job, the candidate is required to have strong interpersonal, communication, problem solving and leadership skills (Seek.com, 2017). The job will entail five key functions or deliverables for the successful candidate. The incumbent will be required to visit prospective clients, present the companys solutions, with the aim of developing a strong and mutually beneficial relationship with the client. The incumbent will also collaborate with the technical team to develop products which directly address the concerns of clients, and generally make the organizations product more responsive to the environment. The individual will be charged with marketing administration of the website. In this capacity, he will oversee streamlining of the website to more aptly sell the organization. This will include updating it with refined advertising and marketing material. As a marketing executive, he individual will be charged with developing distribution strategies and management (Seek.com, 2017). Online Presence The online presence is moderately strong. I was able to find my profile on Facebook and Linked, but I could not find it on Twitter, where I am not as active. On LinkedIn, my profile is professional, it is however limited to my academic history and internship stints at some organizations, as well as volunteer work. The Facebook profile was more detailed. It has information on everything from where I lie, to what I am doing in school, with regular updates from my friends and connections on the site. However, the profile has no information on what exactly I do from a professional perspective. The profiles do not fit the desired job. They are generalized, and are strongly based on social and academic life. There is no information on what the individual can do in terms of a career in marketing. This should be bolstered so that the profiles serve as a marketing tool for the individual and help attract potential employers to the profile. SWOT The strengths of the profile are that it has a large and diverse network, each with hundreds of followers. The connections know about the brand, so any changes will easily reach a wide audience. The other strength related to the ability of the individual to engage with others on social media, through discussions on marketing, social events and world affairs. This has led to a prominent presence online, which can be harnessed to strengthen the new focus. The weaknesses of the profiles include the fact that the profiles are not aligned to professional career goals. Rather, they are either academic or social in nature. This necessitates their adjustment to reflect the new status. The status of the nature of connections is also a cause of concern, since the connections are predominantly personal, rather than formal. There is a big opportunity for the networks to serve as an advertising platform for the individual. Besides the number of connections, the networks, there is an opportunity to refashion the online profiles so that they can now be used as an online poster for the individual. This is because they already exist. The major threat identified is that the past of the profiles as predominantly academic or social networks could somehow mislead potential employers to look elsewhere, fearing that the individual is only doing this for the job market, and is not authentic. Personal Brand The SWOT analysis detailed above is meant to help formulate a personal brand to help in securing the desired role. For the purposes of the task at hand, the individual will focus on a careerist persona brand. For this to be the case, the profile will be geared towards a career, with any interactions, postings and activities being concerned almost solely with a chosen career. Additionally, the passion of the individual should be chosen in consultation with websites which advertise desirable jobs, so that potential employers will quickly see the alignment. Additionally, the individual should share information on the platform which will raise their standing in the industry of their choice. The profile may therefore contain important industry related information. The brand will not be exclusively careerist, though this will be the dominant theme. It will also have social aspects. This way, there will be no dramatic shift with the past, and the individual will be able to present a brand t hat is beneficial to their career prospects as it is authentic (Grabowicz et al, 2012). Social Networking Profile As discussed earlier, the two sites chosen for the analysis are Facebook and LinkedIn. While Facebook is the most popular social networking site, LinkedIn has a professional angle to it. The two sites will therefore be used to augment each others strengths, and produce a profile which is complete, authentic, and representative of the image that the individual wants to project (Grabowicz et al, 2012). The coherence of the profile will relate to logic, and how the different materials on the page relate to each other. For instance, effort will be made to ensure that the page only has relevant information. Inappropriate material for instance will not be featured at any cost. Secondly, the people followed the groups that the person is a member of, and the type of posts they make should all be clearly aligned with the brand of a careerist, but one who also has a life outside the career, that augments the career direction chosen. For instance, a personal life which is not correlated with a marketing career, such as political exposure may not augur well with the potential employer (Grabowicz et al, 2012). The profile will be well detailed. The first feature of this will be a professional photo of the individual. This should be accompanied by information about the individual including official names, schools attended, and the career aspirations. Their interests should also be clear in the profile, especially through the type of interactions they engage in. The profile will include a resume, which is dominated by keywords. These keywords will make it easier for employers to reach them. The keywords should be closely tied to the marketing profession and the job in particular, therefore, words and phrases such as business development, marketing research, relationship management, innovation, problem solving, among others should feature prominently in the resume (Grabowicz et al, 2012). Conclusion Social networking sites have become a powerful tool through which employers and potential employees meet. It is therefore important for the potential employee to formulate a profile which will attract employers, b showing them why they are the ideal candidates for the job. To succeed in this, the individual will need first to conduct a self assessment, which will address the strengths they capitalize on, and the weaknesses which can be turned into strengths, or be eliminated. A social profile should be as complete as possible, and be coherent. Therefore, a profile should not on one hand profess political aspirations, and at the same time be equally keen on finding employment in a commercial bank. Ultimately the profile will be judged on its relevance to the task at hand, as well its authenticity. References Seek.com. 2017. Marketing and Business Development Specialist. [ONLINE] Available at: https://www.seek.com.au/job/33167761?type=standardtier=no_tierpos=1whereid=3000userqueryid=9727fae4bafd21113d47c5a83df20b08-8857154ref=beta. [Accessed 17 May 2017]. Grabowicz PA, Ramasco JJ, Moro E, Pujol JM, Eguiluz VM (2012) Social Features of Online Networks: The Strength of Intermediary Ties in Online Social Media. PLoS ONE 7(1), published online.

Dream a little dream Essay Example For Students

Dream a little dream Essay Dream a Little DreamMy grandmother always said, you cannot choose between life or death while sleeping. When you are sleeping, your body practically doesnt belong to you. Its almost as though you have no control over anything that might happen to you in your dreams, especially if it is something dangerous. When I ask people why this happens, they theorize that a powerful force or being has entrapped your body. You could end up dying in your dreams, thus leading to your death or illness in reality. Its possible for someone to suffer a heart attack from what they dreamt, depending on how frightening the situation was. Ive heard of people going to bed one night and, the next morning, waking up not remembering who they are or actually becoming insane. It is with these mysterious beliefs that one becomes afraid to dream anymore. I had never actually experienced a life and death situation while sleeping, at least not until recently. It was in early November of 2001, if I remember correctly, on a Thursday night, when I was just closing my eyes to enjoy a nice peaceful sleep. I could feel myself floating almost like someone was taking me from my room. I couldnt feel anything, since I was literally out cold. Suddenly, I was awake with my eyes closed and my body unmoved. I tried to open my eyes, but they could not open, I tried to move my body, but I would not stir. My efforts were futile; I eventually tried harder and this time I was awake. I went to sleep and it happened again. I felt myself being literally chained to my bed or, better stated, buried in a rich mixture of concrete. All my bones, veins, limbs and the rest of my body parts were frozen. I couldnt believe the fact that I wasnt capable of moving, almost as though I was paralyzed. I started to wonder if I was in a coma or if I had one of those major d iseases, such as strokes, which could not be cured. This would be a terrible way to grow up not being able to live a normal life. Think of the laughs that I would miss all because I couldnt move. I would be frozen in time watching everyone around me doing things I once did. It suddenly struck me that what if I wasnt ill, what if someone or something had taken control of me. I was now between life and death, which I had once feared, would determine my future. Now I was afraid, afraid that I would die in my sleep. I had lost control over my entire body all because some strange being had taken it away from me. I could actually picture him going from body to body, sucking all the nutrients away. What confused me though, out of all the bodies, why had he chosen me? I had to do something; I needed to regain my consciousness at any cost. So, I tried until I was finally awake from that captivation. This time I tried not to sleep again, however I was too tired and so, fell asleep luckily with no interruptions. This uncanny situation made me very afraid. The fact that it happened twice that night made me feel even more intimidated. I could still remember waking; thinking that someone else was in the room. It was invisible, only detectable by impulse. I could feel his presence as he drugged me, waiting for me to fall into a deep trance. As I inhaled and exhaled, there he was counting each breath of air. I knew he was still there, even after I regained control over my body. The strange thing was he didnt make an effort to over power me again. The twisted and tormented movies I loved to watch had finally caught up with me. The most frightful thing about the situation was the fact that I had seen things like this only in movies. I never thought I would actually experience such a strangesituation right in my very bedroom. It wasnt like I was watching a horror film or witnessed a brutal incident, but it just took place making me feel terrified plus unsafe to even dream or watch television anymore. I fear that it will take place again and this time something bad will really happen to me. .u3a3d15bfa200f5dcfa11a11606ffaae7 , .u3a3d15bfa200f5dcfa11a11606ffaae7 .postImageUrl , .u3a3d15bfa200f5dcfa11a11606ffaae7 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u3a3d15bfa200f5dcfa11a11606ffaae7 , .u3a3d15bfa200f5dcfa11a11606ffaae7:hover , .u3a3d15bfa200f5dcfa11a11606ffaae7:visited , .u3a3d15bfa200f5dcfa11a11606ffaae7:active { border:0!important; } .u3a3d15bfa200f5dcfa11a11606ffaae7 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u3a3d15bfa200f5dcfa11a11606ffaae7 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u3a3d15bfa200f5dcfa11a11606ffaae7:active , .u3a3d15bfa200f5dcfa11a11606ffaae7:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u3a3d15bfa200f5dcfa11a11606ffaae7 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u3a3d15bfa200f5dcfa11a11606ffaae7 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u3a3d15bfa200f5dcfa11a11606ffaae7 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u3a3d15bfa200f5dcfa11a11606ffaae7 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u3a3d15bfa200f5dcfa11a11606ffaae7:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u3a3d15bfa200f5dcfa11a11606ffaae7 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u3a3d15bfa200f5dcfa11a11606ffaae7 .u3a3d15bfa200f5dcfa11a11606ffaae7-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u3a3d15bfa200f5dcfa11a11606ffaae7:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Handling Stress EssayI was the winner; this strange being that had control over me had now lost. He was man enough to accept his defeat and so, left me to continue my journey to where ever life is willing to take me. I am only twenty years-old; I wasnt ready to leave this world. At least not until I had experienced the fulfillment lifes hands has encompassed for me. I am free, free to enjoy Christmas and all other holidays in the future. On the other hand, I am still open to melancholy and deviation, which the world possesses. Its then acceptable to say that I was literally reincarnated to make the right choices with life. I had to ponder on the thought that if I hadnt resisted, I might not be alive. Its a scary thought and emotion. What would happen if I had crossed over to the other side, death with no life after, according to some scientists and philosophers? On the other hand, would I have made it to heaven or hell as described by religious believers? The answer to that is not easy to define. I never reached that stage and I can only hope and pray that I will never reach there until the right time. Words/ Pages : 936 / 24

Free Essays on Jacob

Virginia Woolf`un gerà §ek anlamad ilk deneysel romanà ½dà ½r Jacob`un Odasà ½. Roman, Kral Edward dà ¶nemi à ngiliz toplumunu Birinci Dà ¼nya Savaà ¾Ãƒ ½(na baà °layan toplumsal deà °erlerinhem temsilcisi hem de kurbanà ½ olan bir genà § erkeà °in portresidir. Jacob`un yaà ¾Ãƒ ½mà ½nà ½n seyrini izlerken à §ocukluà °undan, Cambridge yà ½llarà ½ndan, Londra`nà ½n bohem à §evrelerinden, Paris`ten, Yunanistan`a yaptà ½Ãƒ °Ãƒ ½ bir geziden sonra varà ½rà ½z, ama bu bildià °imiz anlamda bir Bildungsroman deà °ildir. Woolf, karakter ve à §evre yaratma konusundaki geleneksel yà ¶ntemleri kà ½rà ½lmalara uà °ratà ½r, bozar. Jacob`un Odasà ½, yazarà ½n bir yapà ½, mimari bir uzam olarak tasarladà ½Ãƒ °Ãƒ ½ bir romandà ½r. Romanà ½n adà ½ sadece Jacob`un `oda`sà ½na deà °il, onun Birinci Dà ¼nya Savaà ¾Ãƒ ½`ndaki à ¶là ¼mà ¼nà ¼n ardà ½ndan odasà ½nda, dolayà ½sà ½yla à §evresinde bà ½raktà ½Ãƒ °Ãƒ ½ ani, ià §burkucu boà ¾luà °a da ià ƒ ¾aret eder. Jacob`un Odasà ½ bir yà ¶nà ¼yle Virginia Woolf`un erken yaà ¾ta à ¶len sevgili erkek kardeà ¾i Thoby Stephen`in, genel olarak da hayatlarà ½nà ½n baharà ½nda savaà ¾larda kurban edilen bà ¼tà ¼n genà § erkekl! erin anà ½sà ½na adanmà ½Ãƒ ¾ bir romandà ½r. Henà ¼z oluà ¾um halindeki bir hayatà ½n `sisler ià §inde`resmedilià ¾i... Jakob'un Odasà ½, Virginia Woolf'n à ¼Ãƒ §Ãƒ ¼ncà ¼ romanà ½, Virginia Woolf'u Virginia Woolf yapan roman. Tam dokndà °umzu sandà ½Ãƒ °Ãƒ ½mà ½z anda parmaklarà ½mà ½zà ½n cndan kaà §an hayat, bir gà ¶rà ¼nà ¼p bir kaybolan Jakop Flanders'in ve onu kuà ¾atan bà ¼tà ¼n bir toplumun zihninden... Eliot'à ½n ifadesiyle bu romanà ½yla Woolf, kendisini geleneksel romanla kendi à ¶zgà ¼n yeteneà °i arasà ½ndaki her tà ¼rlà ¼ uzlaà ¾madan kurtarà ½yor. Jakop'un Odasà ½'nà ½ sadece Virginia Woolf'un olgunluà °nu belgeleyen ilk roman olarak deà °il, hayatlarà ½nà ½n akà ½Ãƒ ¾Ãƒ ½ tà ½pkà ½ onun gibi à §ok erken kesilen genà § insanlarla dolu olan à ¼lkemizde, her askere uà °urlamanà ½n bu gà ¼nlerde bize bir kere daha Jakop'unkine benzer zamansà ½z bir yokoluà ¾ dà ¼Ãƒ ¾Ãƒ ¼ndà ¼rttà ¼Ãƒ °Ãƒ ¼, onca biriktirilmià ¾, hayata kullanà ½lmaya hazà ½rlana... Free Essays on Jacob Free Essays on Jacob Virginia Woolf`un gerà §ek anlamad ilk deneysel romanà ½dà ½r Jacob`un Odasà ½. Roman, Kral Edward dà ¶nemi à ngiliz toplumunu Birinci Dà ¼nya Savaà ¾Ãƒ ½(na baà °layan toplumsal deà °erlerinhem temsilcisi hem de kurbanà ½ olan bir genà § erkeà °in portresidir. Jacob`un yaà ¾Ãƒ ½mà ½nà ½n seyrini izlerken à §ocukluà °undan, Cambridge yà ½llarà ½ndan, Londra`nà ½n bohem à §evrelerinden, Paris`ten, Yunanistan`a yaptà ½Ãƒ °Ãƒ ½ bir geziden sonra varà ½rà ½z, ama bu bildià °imiz anlamda bir Bildungsroman deà °ildir. Woolf, karakter ve à §evre yaratma konusundaki geleneksel yà ¶ntemleri kà ½rà ½lmalara uà °ratà ½r, bozar. Jacob`un Odasà ½, yazarà ½n bir yapà ½, mimari bir uzam olarak tasarladà ½Ãƒ °Ãƒ ½ bir romandà ½r. Romanà ½n adà ½ sadece Jacob`un `oda`sà ½na deà °il, onun Birinci Dà ¼nya Savaà ¾Ãƒ ½`ndaki à ¶là ¼mà ¼nà ¼n ardà ½ndan odasà ½nda, dolayà ½sà ½yla à §evresinde bà ½raktà ½Ãƒ °Ãƒ ½ ani, ià §burkucu boà ¾luà °a da ià ƒ ¾aret eder. Jacob`un Odasà ½ bir yà ¶nà ¼yle Virginia Woolf`un erken yaà ¾ta à ¶len sevgili erkek kardeà ¾i Thoby Stephen`in, genel olarak da hayatlarà ½nà ½n baharà ½nda savaà ¾larda kurban edilen bà ¼tà ¼n genà § erkekl! erin anà ½sà ½na adanmà ½Ãƒ ¾ bir romandà ½r. Henà ¼z oluà ¾um halindeki bir hayatà ½n `sisler ià §inde`resmedilià ¾i... Jakob'un Odasà ½, Virginia Woolf'n à ¼Ãƒ §Ãƒ ¼ncà ¼ romanà ½, Virginia Woolf'u Virginia Woolf yapan roman. Tam dokndà °umzu sandà ½Ãƒ °Ãƒ ½mà ½z anda parmaklarà ½mà ½zà ½n cndan kaà §an hayat, bir gà ¶rà ¼nà ¼p bir kaybolan Jakop Flanders'in ve onu kuà ¾atan bà ¼tà ¼n bir toplumun zihninden... Eliot'à ½n ifadesiyle bu romanà ½yla Woolf, kendisini geleneksel romanla kendi à ¶zgà ¼n yeteneà °i arasà ½ndaki her tà ¼rlà ¼ uzlaà ¾madan kurtarà ½yor. Jakop'un Odasà ½'nà ½ sadece Virginia Woolf'un olgunluà °nu belgeleyen ilk roman olarak deà °il, hayatlarà ½nà ½n akà ½Ãƒ ¾Ãƒ ½ tà ½pkà ½ onun gibi à §ok erken kesilen genà § insanlarla dolu olan à ¼lkemizde, her askere uà °urlamanà ½n bu gà ¼nlerde bize bir kere daha Jakop'unkine benzer zamansà ½z bir yokoluà ¾ dà ¼Ãƒ ¾Ãƒ ¼ndà ¼rttà ¼Ãƒ °Ãƒ ¼, onca biriktirilmià ¾, hayata kullanà ½lmaya hazà ½rlana...

Biography of Prince Albert, Husband of Queen Victoria

Biography of Prince Albert, Husband of Queen Victoria Prince Albert (August 26, 1819- December 13, 1861) was a German prince who married Britains Queen Victoria and helped spark an era of technological innovation as well as personal style. Albert initially was seen by the British as an interloper in British society, but his intelligence, interest in inventions, and capability in diplomatic affairs made him a respected figure. Albert, who eventually held the title prince consort, died in 1861 at age 42, leaving Victoria a widow whose trademark attire became the black of mourning. Fast Facts: Prince Albert Known For: Husband of Queen Victoria, statesmanAlso Known As: Francis Albert Augustus Charles Emmanuel, Prince of Saxe-Coburg-GothaBorn: August 26, 1819 in Rosenau, GermanyParents: Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, Princess Louise of Saxe-Gotha-AltenburgDied: December 13, 1861 in Windsor,  Berkshire, EnglandEducation: University of BonnSpouse: Queen VictoriaChildren: Victoria Adelaide Mary, Albert Edward, Alice Maud Mary, Alfred Ernest Albert, Helena Augusta Victoria, Louise Caroline Alberta, Arthur William Patrick, Leopold George Duncan, Beatrice Mary VictoriaNotable Quote: I am only the husband, and not the master in the house. Early Life Albert was born on Aug. 26, 1819, in Rosenau, Germany. He was the second son of the Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha and Luise Pauline Charlotte Friederike Auguste, Princess Louise of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg, and was greatly influenced by his uncle Leopold, who became king of Belgium in 1831. As a teenager, Albert traveled to Britain and met Princess Victoria, who was his first cousin and nearly his age. They were friendly but Victoria was not impressed with the young Albert, who was shy and awkward. He attended the University of Bonn in Germany. The British were interested in finding a suitable husband for the young princess who was to ascend to the throne. British political tradition decreed that a monarch could not marry a commoner, and the British pool of appropriate candidates was small, so Victorias future husband would have to come from European royalty. A flirtation with Grand Duke Alexander Nikolaevich, heir to the Russian throne, was heartfelt and mutual, but marriage was deemed strategically, politically, and geographically impossible, so matchmakers looked elsewhere. Alberts relatives on the continent, including King Leopold of Belgium, essentially steered the young man toward becoming Victorias husband. In 1839, two years after Victoria became queen, Albert returned to England. She proposed marriage and he accepted. Marriage Queen Victoria married Albert on February 10, 1840, at St. James Palace in London. At first, the British public and the aristocracy thought little of Albert. While he was born of European royalty, his family was not wealthy or powerful. He was often portrayed as someone marrying for prestige or money. Albert was quite intelligent, however, and was devoted to helping his wife serve as monarch. Over time he became an indispensable aide to the queen, advising her on political and diplomatic affairs. Victoria and Albert had nine children, and by all accounts, their marriage was very happy. They loved being together, sometimes sketching or listening to music. The royal family was portrayed as the ideal family, and setting an example for the British public was considered a major part of their role. Albert also contributed to a tradition familiar to Americans. His German family brought trees into the house at Christmas, and he introduced that tradition to Britain. The Christmas tree at Windsor Castle created a fashion in Britain that was carried across the ocean. Career In their early years of marriage, Albert was frustrated that Victoria didnt assign him tasks that he felt were up to his abilities. He wrote to a friend that he was only the husband, not the master in the house. Albert busied himself with his interests in music and hunting, but he eventually became involved in serious matters of statesmanship. In 1848, when much of Europe was shaken by the revolutionary movement, Albert cautioned that the rights of working people had to be seriously considered. He was a progressive voice at a crucial time. Thanks to Alberts interest in technology, he was the main force behind the Great Exhibition of 1851, a grand show of science and inventions held at a stunning new edifice in London, the Crystal Palace. The exhibition, intended to showcase how society was being changed for the better by science and technology, was a great success. Throughout the 1850s, Albert was often deeply involved in the affairs of state. He was known for clashing with Lord Palmerston, a highly influential British politician who served as foreign minister and also prime minister. In the mid-1850s, when Albert cautioned against the Crimean War against Russia, some in Britain accused him of being pro-Russian. While Albert was influential, for the first 15 years of his marriage he did not receive a royal title from Parliament. Victoria was disturbed that her husbands rank was not clearly defined. In 1857, the official title of prince consort was finally bestowed upon Albert by Queen Victoria. Death In late 1861, Albert was stricken with typhoid fever, a serious disease but not usually a fatal one. His habit of working long hours may have weakened him, and he suffered greatly from the disease. Hopes for his recovery dimmed, and he died on Dec. 13, 1861. His death came as a shock to the British public, especially as he was only 42 years old. On his deathbed, Albert was involved in helping to lower tensions with the United States over an incident at sea. An American naval vessel had stopped a British ship, the Trent, and seized two emissaries from the Confederate government during the early stages of the American Civil War. Some in Britain took the American naval action as a grave insult and wanted to go to war with the U.S. Albert viewed the United States as a nation friendly to Britain and helped steer the British government from what surely would have been a pointless war. The death of her husband devastated Queen Victoria. Her grief seemed excessive even to people of her own time. Victoria lived as a widow for 40 years  and was always seen wearing black, which helped create her image as a sullen, remote figure. Indeed, the term Victorian often implies a seriousness that is in part due to Victorias image as someone in deep grief. Legacy There is no question that Victoria deeply loved Albert. After his death, he was honored by being entombed in an elaborate mausoleum at Frogmore House, not far from Windsor Castle. After her death, Victoria was entombed beside him. After his death, he became better known for his statesmanship and his service to Queen Victoria. The Royal Albert Hall in London was named in honor of Prince Albert, and his name is also affixed to Londons Victoria and Albert Museum. A bridge crossing the Thames, which Albert suggested building in 1860, is also named in his honor. Sources Albert, Prince Consort: British Prince. Encyclopedia Brittanica.Prince Albert Biography. Biography.comLove Before Prince Albert: Queen Victorias Suitors. History Extra.

Relational database solution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Relational database solution - Essay Example Therefore this need has led to introduction of various data storage solutions. One very well known model for database management is the rational database solution. A relational data base can be explained or defined as a collection of data or information. The data is then stored in tables where it can be accessed or rearranged in different ways without changing the arrangement of the tables. Relational data base was invented in the 1970 by Edgar Codd at IBM Harrington (2004). The relational database management system is based on the relational model theory. A relational database model has a set of tables which are designed to hold data after collection. The data is arranged and put in categories which have a set order. Each of the tables which are also known as a relation has either one or more data groups in columns. Every row has a set of data for each of the categories and is defined by the columns Harrington (2004). A good example is when an entry in a normal business order database has a table that gives a description of a customer which includes columns for the name, an address and a phone number. In addition there can be another table describing an order with columns for; the product name, date, customer name, the sales price. Therefore any person assigned to use the database can get access the database depending on what information they want to gather. For example a branch office manager might want to view a report on company clients that have bought either a product or a service in a particular date. Many of today’s businesses rely on their database systems for accurate and up to date information Suad (2005). Without this much needed information business organizations find themselves in tough situations such as strategic planning as well as corporate decision making. On the other hand for it to be useful to a business organization or a firm, it must be accurate, complete and organized in such a way that data can be retrieved when needed and in

Organisational Effectiveness Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Organisational Effectiveness - Essay Example It can be said that effectiveness translates into productivity where its absence can be projected in failure like, employee absenteeism and turnover, conflicts, performance instability and communication breakdown (Kaplan & Norton, 1996). Organizations that enjoy the benefits of effective organization for instance display features such as maximized output, lowered costs and advancement and excellence in technology. There are several methods of assessment techniques that can be adopted to determine the level of effectiveness that an organization is operating at. The varied methods can be as many as there are researchers in this field. Used at different times of necessity, the approaches target a different point of view on the organization (Cameron & Whetten, 1983). A few of these approaches are discussed in the paragraph below. When goal approach is adopted, the management attaches critical importance to the output or results that are achieved at the end of operational timeline (NCCI, 2007). The achieved output level is a measure of effectiveness in a proportionate relationship. Assessment could also be done using internal process approach where favourable results are deemed to emanate from the vital processes that are used to make transformations on input to achieve goals. Features of management such as coordination as well as employee welfare are given the centre stage in this approach. Ideally, output is the result of management and organization that is used to transform input towards achievement of goals. Alternatively, the system resource approach puts much emphasis on the acquisition capability of raw materials and other important resources from the environment that the organization has (NCCI, 2007). Effectiveness is attached to the efficiency of the first stage of operation which involves input. Con stituency approach is the other

Development of Real Photography

Development of Real Photography Introduction The increasingly mediatised culture we live in today has lead us to be dominated by and dependent upon the production and consumption of images. Notions of objectivity and empiricism in the photographic have long since disappeared, but we still locate our sense of the real in images. This dissertation will use many theories and ideas that discuss the role of photography, postmodernism and the real within todays culture. It will start with a discussion of the reasoning for the initial shift back towards the real. This shift mainly stemmed from postmodernism and the media. Postmodernism dealt with the idea of never ending reference and the fear about postmodern culture was that this never ending reference meant that all grip on reality had disappeared. There was a wish to return to something more stable and basic: the real? Due to advances in technology and developments in photography, the new fast changing everyday image led to our relationships and emotions becoming mediatised. We re -live events and experiences through images, which leads to a loss of the real. We remember the image rather than the event. Photographers started to try and return to the purely descriptive photography from the times before the mass referencing of postmodernism. This dissertation will look at how some of these photographers attempted to represent the real and also at how a few decided to play around with the representation of the real. Ansel Adams, for example, believed in simply trying to create a true representation of the landscape he was photographing. He attempted to show scenery at its most natural and realistic, with no visual manipulation or artifice. Andreas Gursky on the other hand began with this view but soon started changing this representation with digital editing so that it was no longer a true representation. Some photographers began attempting to create purely descriptive photography but could not escape referencing earlier work. Justin Partykas work The East Angli ans, for example cannot be described as anything else but descriptive photography. However, his reference to Robert Franks The Americans in his title, had led him to fall into the postmodernism trap. Can you provide an account without analysis when it comes to photography? This leads onto the main question posed in this dissertation: can we ever (re)find the real? Some would say that even photos that appear to be descriptive cannot escape being subjected to analysis and placed within a context of viewing. Due to postmodernism, we are constantly searching for meaning and analysis in images. Maybe they can never be void of reference and construction? Maybe images can never provide the clear, stable version of reality that we want from them? This constant analysis of images has exhausted our trust and interest in the photograph; there was a need to create images different from the ones we see every day in the media in order to re-find our trust in the image as truth and as art. Older, slower technologies began to re-emerge. The single image produced from these methods of working could bring back the processes of our memory that have been complicated due to the sheer amount of information we get from other technologies. There are a number of strands of pho tography that are concerned with the notion of re-finding the real. What do these methods of photographing have in common? Do any of these strands achieve the stable and basic feeling of certainty that the real exists? Andy Grundbergs phrase the crisis of the real is apt in explaining the context of the real within the photographic; the word crisis inferring both an intense difficulty and a point of departure; a need for immediate change. Defining or attempting to name this period of change is not important, what is important is what it means for photographic practice. Will we continue to be consumed by images, or is there a future beyond the cycle of referencing left by postmodernism?   Can we ever (re)find authenticity, originality and a true form of photography that can direct us to the real? Chapter 1: What caused people to want to return to the real? There are many factors which eventually led to people wanting to return to the real values that were present in art and culture before postmodernism. This chapter will look at what some of these factors are and how they led to the return of the real. It will first deal with postmodernism and how the never ending referencing that was introduced during this time affected photography as an art form, and how the loss of the real that we experienced during the postmodernist era led to a wish to return to something more stable and basic. It will also look at the advances in technology and video that came about at this time, and how these advances changed photographic culture.   It will also explore how our experiences, events, and even our emotions, both on an individual and public scale are heavily mediated, and how as a result of this, it is claimed we have lost any relation to the real. The original shift towards the real came about due to postmodernism. This new form of art focussed on bringing together elements from existing culture, and never making anything new. This new way of working led to photography being used more and more in art. Before, photography had merely been a method of recording and was used mainly in science. Anytime it had been used in art it was considered undeserving and not a true art form.   However, the rise of postmodernism meant that artists were looking for more ways to express themselves. Photography began to be used more and more, and it was becoming a more widely recognised and accepted form of art. As people were using it more and more, new developments in photographic technology were emerging. These new technologies meant that photography became more widely available, and many people who were not considered artists began using it. Photography was now used extensively in art, and in the new postmodern culture. Postmodernism discarded the idea of finding something new and original and instead focussed on recombining elements from existing culture. Nothing new was being created which soon meant that art had become exhausted. The postmodern culture played with signs of never ending reference, where the more you played the less anyone seemed to know what reality it was touching (Bate, 2004a: 31) and we had lost touch with what we thought reality to be (Bate, 2004a: 31). The constant referencing and re-referencing had led to us being absorbed in representation. We no longer knew what reality was, and what it was not. We were lost. The fear about postmodern culture was that there was no longer any anchor to reality at all, and that reality had disappeared into an endless chain of other representations (Bate, 2004a: 31). This never ending reference meant that all grip on reality had disappeared. There was a wish to re turn to something more stable and basic. There was a need for change, for something new to emerge from the endless trail of reference. In this culture, in which reality was discarded in favour of mass intertextual referencing, there was a desire to return to reality. As David Bate says, there was a, wish for a grittier, closer to reality relation through realism (Bate, 2004a: 35). Many people wanted a return to the values of modernism (the straight and pure photograph) to contemporary art photography, this is a return to description, originality and actuality à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" precisely all the things that were strongly rejected by postmodernism (Bate, 2004a: 33). There were many developments in technology that caused the downfall of postmodernism, along with the introduction of video. Photography was once the only way of stopping time, whereas now a freeze frame can come from any number of sources. Photographs began to be made by pulling them out of existing images; they were now selected from video and film. What had once been the sole privilege and product of the photograph is now equally likely to be the result of a cinema or video freeze-frame (Bate, 2004b: 34). The development of video was leading to photography becoming redundant.   Photography and video was also now becoming more readily available. Due to new appliances such as DVD players and VCRs, anyone could now create a freeze frame from a video. Even cinematic blockbusters can be stilled on domestic appliance devices like DVD and video machines (Bate, 2004b: 34). Victor Burgin discussed the advances in film and video in his essay Possessive, Pensive and Possessed. The int roduction of VCRs, DVD players, and eventually video editing software on personal computers, meant that the order of narrative could now be routinely countermanded (Burgin, 2007: 198) by the audience whenever they wished. This changed photography, as instead of photographs being of an actual event, they were now selections from the way the event had already been interpreted. Newspapers and news channels were no longer using photographers to capture the perfect picture; they were using video and selecting the image from the video. This enabled the news channels to pick the exact expression or look they required to give a biased representation of the person or thing. They could now create a completely false demonstration and force a public collective opinion. David Bate talks about these freeze-frame images in his article After Thought, Part II. He says, The possibility of choosing the right moment in such instances is still dependent upon   a person knowing when to push the button, but this is now in the hands of someone selecting a still from an already produced moving image. The selected decisive moment is chosen from a film or video stream rather than reality itself. Whereas a photograph was supposed to be a rectangle ripped out of time as John Berger had once dramatically put it, today it is more often via the computer that a print is pulled out of some existing image bank. (Bate, 2004a: 34) Images used to be representations of actual lived events à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" now these images we see in news and the media are much more likely to be representations from the way the event has already been represented. Video had stolen what makes photography special à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" the decisive moment. Therefore the specificity and specialness of photography had to find itself in some other attribute of photography. New developments in digital imagery mean that we can now see results instantly; there is no waiting in a lab or until the end of your holiday to see your photographs. Advances in technology, such as mobile phones, email, etc. now allow us to see and share images in a fraction of a second. The person sending these images and the person receiving them can now send and expect results instantly. Yet despite the idea that these mobile technologies bring us all closer to each other, we are caught up in a contradiction, since they increasingly mediatise our relationships to one another (Bate, 2004b: 35).   We no longer talk to each other and see each other face to face; we instead communicate through email, mobile text messaging and social networking sites, where we never actually see the other person we are communicating with. This has lead to a loss of the real. As David Bate said, To look at something it has to be kept at a distance (Bate, 2004b: 35). Because of the loss of the real that we experienced during the postmodernist era there is a wish to return to something more stable and basic. New art is now made up of redundant processes that are often older and slower, which makes this new art form different from the images we see in everyday media culture. If analogue photography is becoming technologically redundant or residual to news and advertising industries, the consequences for art are different. New art is often borne of redundant industrial processes, usually older and slower, by finding a new use and aesthetic within the arts and which comes out of its marking a difference from image uses in everyday media culture. (Bate, 2004b: 40) Artists were leaving these new fast technologies that were used in the media in favour of older slower ones. These old, redundant methods were considered more real. The traditional, slower, apparently simpler methods seemed to be more linked to the real as they are different from the images in the media. Some people have called this change and shift in the way that photographs are being constructed a shift towards the real values that were present in modernism, before the rise of postmodernism. As Susan Sontag says, The cult of the future (of faster and faster seeing) alternates with the wish to return to a more artisanal, purer past à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" when images still had a handmade quality, an aura (Sontag, 1977: 221). But, Hal Foster feels that we have not left postmodernism completely, it has just become normalised. The consequence of this is that we change the way we want reality to be constructed. Hal Foster feels that simply, postmodernism became dÃÆ' ©modÃÆ' ¨ (Foster, 1996: 206). Due to the media, we have become inundated with images and photographs in our everyday life, to the extent that images have become our reality. We no longer separate images from real life, and the two have become blurred. In his book, Comments on the Society of the Spectacle, Guy Debord talks about how developments in photography and the proliferation of mass media images have contributed to what Debord called the society of the spectacle. In the spectacular world, images and representations become our reality à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" everything exists as and for images. Where images refer to one another endlessly, originality and authenticity are abolished. We become consumed by images and messages. Experience, events, and even our emotions, both on an individual and public scale are heavily mediated. As a result of this, it is claimed we have lost any relation to the real; The spectacle has now spread itself to the point where it now permeates all reality. (Debord, 1990: 9) Our real-life experiences become repressed and events take place in a mediated, pseudo-reality. We can no longer distinguish between real memories, and mediated memories. Victor Burgin explores this in his essay Possessive, Pensive and Possessed. He describes a study done in 1977 where people were interviewed about their past experiences. There were a few people in the study who believed that media events or films were in fact their own memories. People became confused and mixed personal history with scenes from films or media productions. As Burgin says, I saw at the cinema would simply become I saw (Burgin, 2007: 200). Burgin explains how these people were remembering scenes from a film instead of real life, and called these memories screen memories;   A screen memory is one which comes to mind in the place of, and in order to conceal, an associated but repressed memory (Burgin, 2007: 201). People were remembering images and scenes from films and the media that were similar to their real memories, but were less painful as there were not actual lived recollections. People were using these to cover up and replace genuine, traumatic memories. In the past, events happened but people just didnt know about them as there was no media. It rarely went beyond those involved. Now because of media we all know about every event, and add these events to our memories, even though we have not actually physically experienced them. We forget our real experiences and replace them with things from the media. Thomas De Zengotita, in his book, Mediated; How the media shape the world around us, describes how our reaction to big events such as the 9/11 disaster is to experience and re-live them through images. He calls this bubble of mediated representations the blob. In the world of the blob, momentous catastrophes such as the 9/11 terrorist attacks are almost poignant enough to burst the bubble, something like that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" will feel as if it might be sharp enough, as if it might pierce the membrane and slice the pulp (De Zengotita, 2007: 27). However, not surprisingly, our reaction to such events is to experience and re-live it t hrough images, adding it to our bank of mediated events.   In other words, they become part of the spectacle. Chapter 2: Realism in Landscape Photography This chapter is going to explore how photographers attempt to represent the real, and if you can create a purely descriptive photograph. It will discuss photographers that try to represent the real, and also photographers that play around with the representation of the real, to create something completely different. I will specifically be looking at landscape photography, as this is the area of photography were photographers have really attempted to create authentic representations of the real, to show the landscape. It is also the area of photography that I am particularly interested in. To attempt to show the real in landscape photography, you need to show the scenery at its most natural and realistic, with no visual manipulation or artifice. There is also the argument that no message, meaning or reference may be conveyed at all. Considering it is the view of some people that photographs are analysed and given meaning as soon as they are viewed, is this possible? In this chapter, select works of four photographers will be looked at. It will consider how each photographer has attempted to show the real, either as an exact representation, or by manipulating the representation to give it a different meaning, and will discuss whether they have managed this. The photographers that are going to be observed are Ansel Adams, Andreas Gursky, Doug Aitken and Justin Partyka. Ansel Adams is an environmentalist and photographer who makes landscape photographs to essentially document and record the beauty of nature. Adams love of nature began when he was a child, after having problems fitting in at school and eventually being home taught. He would go for hikes through nature, and this is where his fascination with nature was set in motion. Adams began his photographic career by using the Kodak No. 1 Box Brownie his parents had given him to record his travels through the Yosemite Valley. He soon joined the Sierra club, and held his first solo exhibition at the clubs headquarters in 1928. The work created by Adams is done using a large format camera, so as to capture as much detail as possible. The image I will be looking at is called Mt. Clarence King, Pool, Kings Canyon National Park, California (1925). It is a landscape image taken in Kings Canyon National Park in 1925. The image is a black and white image, of a scene, with large mountains in the background and a pool in the foreground. There is a lot of gravelly earth around the pool and some trees and bushes between the mountains and pool. This image is an authentic representation of the landscape, and is not trying to be anything else. Adams wanted to purely represent the landscape, and this is what he has done. Adams began to pursue straight photography, in which the clarity of the lens was emphasized, and the final print gave no appearance of being manipulated in the camera or the darkroom (www.anseladams.com, 2009). Adams only ever tried to create accurate representations of the landscape.   However, you could argue that the fact that he works in black and white indicates that this image is not a true representation, as the world is not in black and white. This non use of colour is therefore a message, rendering the im ages more than pure description. Andreas Gursky is one of the rare photographers who began attempting to create vast, clear representations of the real, but then moved on to openly digitally manipulating his images. I will be looking at some of his work pre 1990s, as this is before he started to digitally manipulate his images. Gursky was trained and influenced by Hilla and Bernd Becher, who are known for their straight, scientific style of systematically cataloguing industrial machinery and architecture. This may be compared to the similar methodical approach that Gursky has to his own work. Gursky generally photographs landscape in large colour format (although a lot of his work is urban landscape, both interior and exterior). The image I will be examining is Fishermen, MÃÆ' ¼lheim a.d. Ruhr, taken in 1989. This is a landscape image of Gurskys taken in 1989. It is of a river running through the city of MÃÆ' ¼lheim. The river is wide and flat, with trees covering both banks. You can just make out a few small groups of fishermen on the banks of the river, and a bridge in the distance. This is before he used any digital manipulation, and was purely trying to represent the real. Gursky has not attempted to conceal or change anything in this image to give it a meaning or a reference. He has named the image what it is, Fishermen, MÃÆ' ¼lheim a.d. Ruhr, which is simply what is it, fishermen on a river in MÃÆ' ¼lheim, so has not tried to imply meaning through the name of the image. This image is meant to be purely descriptive, and a genuine representation of the real. Other photographers and writers have agreed with this, for example David Bate says What Gursky and Evans both share (with different techniques of course) is an awesome description. The effects of these anecdotal descriptions is primarily to evince reality through the photographic instant of here it is and this is how it is. The picture throws at the audience a defiant description where the accumulation of anecdotal detail actually inhibits the communication of a specific message. (Bate, 2004a; pg 33) Bates view is that the vast amount of detail in the image actually inhibits a message being conveyed by the image. He feels Gurskys plan is to be as authentically descriptive as possible à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" this is how it is à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" and not to hide or imply any other meaning or reference. This may have been Gurskys plan, to attempt to create a pure representation of the real, but this does not change how we view images. We still attempt to create a meaning for ourselves, as we no longer feel that sheer description is enough. There must be a referent, a meaning behind the image, and we are constantly looking for it. Gursky was attempting to create a purely descriptive photograph, but we do not see it like that because of the way we now look at and interpret images. Doug Aitken works with a range of material, including photography, sculpture, films, sound, single and multichannel video works and instillations. This essay, however, will just be looking at his photography. Rather than purely representing the real in his images, Aitken plays around with the representation of the image so they are descriptive photographs, but the way they are put together adds a message and reference. Aitken lives and works in Los Angeles, and is one of many new artists to work with the medium of film. Film is Aitkens main medium for his art work although he does work with still images from time to time. The image I am going to be looking at is called New Opposition III. This is an image made up of four different images. Separately, the images could be considered as descriptive attempts at representing the real. However, the way that Aitken puts them together changes this. If viewed on their own, they would be seen as purely descriptive, real images of landscape. But the way they have been put together suggests something else. They become more like a narrative, showing different places at different times, together; I wanted to find a way to blend together different moments in time, different spaces and different locations (Aitken, : 62). Aitken feels that the images would not work on their own and rely on each other to create their meaning. On their own, they would be nothing. He says The photographs do not work as self-sufficient one-off frames but rely on each other for meaning. The optical tricks that the landscape form when placed together give the impression to the viewer that they are either falling into the centre of the earth or are on top of it looking down as if from the apex of a pyramid (Aitken, :62). The way the images are placed together is obviously very important to the meaning that Aitken is trying to provide. Aitken is using real images in his work, but playing around with the representation so that they are no longer considered real. He purposefully adds a meaning and a message to his images, rather than leaving it to the viewers imagination. This is different from somebody like Gursky, who does not give a message, as the image is just supposed to be an authentic representation. Any meaning given to Gurskys images is given by the viewer, in contrast to Aitkens images where the meaning is given for you. Viewers are now so used to images having a meaning, and that meaning being told to them, that they now look for a meaning in everything. Justin Partyka is a photographer whose work explores the importance of place, culture and identity, and the roles that tradition and landscape play in these themes. He is currently working on three long term projects; The East Anglians, The Carnivalesque of CÃÆ' ¡diz, and Saskatchewan. The project I will be concentrating on is The East Anglians. The work, The East Anglians, is a collection of documentary photographs of rural life in East Anglia. Partyka attempts to create real images, in a documentary style. His photographs are often very straight with no messages or signs. The image I am looking at is one from the East Anglians series, but the title is unknown. This image is of an old barn in East Anglia. As the image is untitled, it suggests that Partyka did not want to imply any meaning at all, not even naming the place or image. The barn is quite old and rusty, and appears to be in a state of disrepair. There is a lot of grass in the foreground in front of the barn, and fields behind it. The photograph is an attempt at a real representation of the scene. However, Partyka has called this series of photographs, The East Anglians. This is a quite obvious reference to Robert Franks, The Americans. Although Partyka has created purely descriptive images, he has referenced other work in his title. Partykas work, although essentially descriptive, cannot deny the presence of such referencing. What we have here is an image that is subjective in narrative, with referencing to earlier photography, and yet undoubtedly descriptive. I see photography as very much a descriptive mediumà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ but obviously this description is an edited one based on the choices made by the photographer in where they point the camera and when they press the shutter (Partyka, 2009). Partyka has acknowledged that his photographs are descriptive, and that photography is a descriptive medium, but can a photograph ever be a pure representation of the real? As Partyka says, the description of an image is based on the photographers choice of where to point the camera and when to press the shutter, which immediately adds reference to the image. We cant help but look at what a photograph means. Photographs are placed in a context of viewing, and are subjected to analysis and interpretation at the very instance of looking. So, although Partyka has undoubtedly created very descriptive images, the referencing in his title, and the fact that images are analysed as soon as they are placed in a context of viewing, means his photographs are no longer purely descriptive. Can we ever have an account without analysis? It seems that we cannot. Even photographs that are meant to be purely descriptive are analysed and given meaning and reference as soon as they are placed within a context of viewing. This is similar to the Observer Effect popular in current interpretations of Quantum Mechanics.   This theory puts forward the postulate that by merely observing an object, the very nature of the object itself is changed: One of the most bizarre premises of quantum theory, which has long fascinated philosophers and physicists alike, states that by the very act of watching, the observer affects the observed reality (www.sciencedaily.com, 1998). Could it therefore be said that an image may remain purely descriptive as long as it is never viewed, and therefore never interpreted and given meaning? Possibly, but then we also have to discuss whether a photograph is made more than a pure representation when it is taken. When a photographer decides where to po int their camera, when to press the shutter, what to cut out of the image and what to include, it could be said that in that instant the photographer is not making an exact representation of reality, but an edited one. Therefore, it could also be said that we can never provide a purely descriptive representation of the real through photography. Chapter 3: Can we ever get back to the real? This brings us to the question; can we ever get back to the real? Were we even there in the first place?   Does descriptive realism actually exist in photography? This chapter will look at the theories and ideas of many photography theorists, as well as my own, and will attempt to answer these questions, and others. It will use work from various photographers, as well as several essays and books to endeavour to explore the notions of the real in relation to photography and contemporary culture, and to investigate if we can find, or re-find the real. Does descriptive realism exist? We cant help but look at what the photograph signifies and means. Even photographs that appear to be descriptive cannot escape being subjected to analysis and placed within a context of viewing. Everything in an image is symbolic once we begin to interpret it, and this begins at the very instance of looking. This is, as Roland Barthes says, great scorn for the realists who do not see that the photograph is always coded (Barthes, 2000: 88). Photographs can never be void of theoretical underpinnings, and any photographs that do appear to be purely realistic only do so in accord to what we expect a descriptive or realistic image to be like. Debord explains this perfectly in his discussion of theory; what is so droll, however, is that all the books which do analyse this phenomenon, usually to deplore it, cannot but join the spectacle if theyre to get attention (Debord, 1990: 5). Evidently we continue to encounter an endless cycle of referencing, which cannot be traced simply to the accepted beginnings of postmodernism. Photographs are analysed as soon as they are viewed. Perhaps they never were, and never will be void of reference and construction? Maybe they can never provide the clear, stable version of reality that we want from them? Conceptual photography attempts to show the truth by highlighting this dilemma. It attempts to parody the common notions of indexicality and truth in photographic representations, and in doing so, reveals this as the real. In their essay From Presence to Performative: Re-thinking Photographic Indexicality, David Green and Joanna Lowry look at notions of indexicality and truth in photographic representations. They discuss how photographs are indexical not just because light is recorded in an instant on a piece of photosensitive film, but also, because they were taken: the very act of photography, as a kind of performative gesture which points to an event in the world, as a form of designation that draws reality into the image field, is thus itself a form of indexicality. (Green and Lowry, 2003: 48). They discuss how conceptual photography attempts to parody the common notions of indexicality and truth in photographic representations, and in doing so, reveal this as the real: [conceptu al photographs] point to the real while reminding us that photography can never represent it (Green and Lowry, 200